Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy
Pragmatism emphasizes context and experience. It may not have an enlightened ethical framework or foundational principles. This could result in an absence of idealistic goals or transformational changes.
In contrast to deflationary theories about truth the pragmatic theories of truth don't reject the idea that statements are related to the state of affairs. They simply clarify the roles that truth plays in everyday endeavors.
Definition
Pragmatic is a term used to describe things or people that are practical, logical, and sensible. It is often used to contrast with idealistic which is an idea or a person that is founded on ideals or principles of high quality. A pragmatic person looks at the actual world circumstances and conditions when making decisions, focusing on what can realistically be achieved as opposed to trying to achieve the best possible outcome.
Pragmatism is an emerging philosophical movement that stresses the importance of practical consequences in determining truth, meaning or value. It is a third alternative to the dominant continental and analytic traditions of philosophy. Founded by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Josiah Royce, pragmatism developed into two distinct streams of thought, one that tended toward relativism and the other to realism.
The nature of truth is an important issue in the philosophy of pragmatism. While many pragmatists agree truth is a key concept, they disagree about how to define it and how it functions in practice. One approach, influenced by Peirce and James, is focused on the ways in which people deal with questions and make assertions. It prioritizes the speech-act and justification tasks of language-users in determining whether something is true. One approach, influenced Rorty's followers, focuses more on the mundane functions of truth, including its ability to generalize, commend and caution and is less concerned with a complex theory of truth.
This neopragmatic approach to the truth has two flaws. It firstly, it flings with relativism. Truth is a concept with an extensive and long-standing tradition that it's unlikely its meaning could be reduced to mundane applications as pragmatists do. Second, pragmatism appears to deny the existence of truth in its metaphysical aspect. This is reflected in the fact that pragmatists such as Brandom (who has an obligation to Peirce and James) are mostly silent on questions of metaphysics, while Dewey's extensive writings contain only one mention of the issue of truth.
Purpose
The purpose of pragmatism was to provide a different perspective to the analytic and Continental styles of philosophy. Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce (1860-1916) were the first to start its first generation. These classical pragmatists emphasized theorizing inquiry and meaning, as well as the nature of truth. Their influence was felt through many influential American thinkers, including John Dewey (1859-1952), who applied the theories to education and other dimensions of social improvement, and Jane Addams (1860-1935) who established social work.
In recent years the new generation of philosophers has given pragmatism more space to discuss. Many of these neopragmatists not traditional pragmatists, but they are part of the same tradition. Robert Brandom is their main figure. He focuses his work on semantics and the philosophy of language, but draws from the philosophy of Peirce, James, and others.
One of the major distinctions between the classic pragmatics and the neo-pragmatists lies in their understanding of what it takes for an idea to be true. The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called 'truth-functionality,' which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice. Neo-pragmatists concentrate on the concept of 'ideal warranted assertion, which states that an idea is genuinely true if the claim made about it can be justified in a certain way to a specific group of people.
This viewpoint is not without its challenges. It is often criticized for being used to support illogical and absurd ideas. A simple example is the gremlin idea it is a useful idea, it works in practice, but it's utterly unfounded and probably nonsense. This isn't a huge issue, but it does highlight one of the biggest flaws in pragmatism: it can be used to justify almost everything, which includes a myriad of absurd theories.
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When making decisions, the term "practical" refers to taking into consideration the world as it is and its conditions. It can also be used to describe a philosophical position that emphasizes the practical consequences in determining the meaning or truth. The term"pragmatism" was first utilized to describe this perspective about a century ago, when William James (1842-1910) pressed it into practice in a speech at the University of California (Berkeley). James scrupulously swore that the word had been invented by his friend and mentor Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) however, the pragmatist view quickly gained a name of its own.
The pragmatists resisted the sharp dichotomies of analytic philosophy, such as fact and value thoughts and experiences, mind and body, synthetic and analytic, and so on. They also rejected the notion of truth as something fixed or objective, instead describing it as a constantly evolving, socially-determined concept.
Classical pragmatics primarily focused on the theory of inquiry, meaning and the nature of truth, however James put these themes to work in examining truth in religion. A second generation turned the pragmatist view of politics, education and other dimensions of social improvement, under the great influence of John Dewey (1859-1952).
In recent decades, the Neopragmatists have sought to place the pragmatism in a larger Western philosophical context. They have analyzed the connections between Peirce's views and those of Kant and other idealists of the 19th century and the emergence of the science of evolution theory. They have also attempted to clarify the role of truth in a traditional epistemology that is a posteriori and to formulate a pragmatic metaphilosophy that includes an understanding of meaning, language and the nature of knowledge.
However, pragmatism has continued to develop, and the a posteriori epistemology it developed is still considered a significant departure from more traditional methods. Its defenders have been forced to face a myriad of arguments that are as old as the pragmatic theory itself, but which have been more prominently discussed in recent times. They include the notion that pragmatism collapses when applied to moral issues, and that its claim that "what works" is little more than relativism with a less-polished appearance.
Methods
For Peirce the pragmatic explanation of truth was a crucial part of his epistemological strategy. Peirce saw it as a way of undermining spurious metaphysical ideas such as the Catholic understanding of transubstantiation, Cartesian methods of seeking certainty in epistemology and Kant's notion of a 'thing in itself' (Simson 2010).
The Pragmatic Maxim, according to many modern pragmatists, is the most accurate thing you can hope for from a theory about truth. They are generally opposed to the deflationist theories of truth that require verification in order to be valid. Instead, they advocate an alternative method, which they refer to as 'pragmatic explication'. This is about explaining how a concept is used in the real world and identifying the conditions that must be met to accept the concept as authentic.
It should be noted that this approach could be viewed as a type of relativism, and is often criticized for doing so. However, it is more moderate than the alternatives to deflationism, and is thus a useful way to get around some of the issues associated with relativism theories of truth.
This has led to various philosophical liberation projects like those that are associated with ecological, feminism Native American philosophy and Latin American philosophy - are currently looking to the pragmatist tradition as guidance. Quine is one example. He is an analytic philosopher who has embraced pragmatism in a way that Dewey could not.
It is important to recognize that pragmatism, while rich in historical context, has some serious shortcomings. Particularly, philosophy of pragmatism is not an accurate test of truth and it fails when applied to moral questions.
Quine, Wilfrid Solars and other pragmatists have also criticized the philosophy. Richard Rorty and Robert Brandom are among the philosophers who have revived it from obscureness. These philosophers, while not being classical pragmatists have a lot in common with the philosophy and work of Peirce James and Wittgenstein. These works of philosophers are well worth reading by anyone interested in this philosophy movement.